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中新网评:美国众议长选举“连续剧”暴露美式民主痼疾******

  中新网北京1月9日电(蒋鲤)在15轮投票表决后,美国众议院议长选举这场“连续剧”终于落下帷幕,众议院共和党领袖凯文•麦卡锡最终成功当选第55任美国众议院议长。这是美国国会过去164年来耗时最久的一次议长选举记录,将美国“对抗式民主”的弊端暴露无遗。

资料图:美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀 摄

  由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素,众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中,美国民主党议员继续抱团,多轮投票中,一票不投麦卡锡,共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。

  麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折,除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外,与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。

  一方面,共和党党内反对者认为,麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱,无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府,另一方面,因为共和党的多数优势微弱,党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大,有利于他们巩固自己的选票。

  此外,党内反对者也认为,自己的选票没有换取更多利益,希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步,比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。

  作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物,众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任,选举几乎没有悬念。然而,麦卡锡此次为当选,不得不做出多个关键让步,其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制,使得众议长的权力被削弱,难以掌控众议院。

  美国有线电视新闻网CNN称,麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步,这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。

  这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下,党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上,美国两党相互拆台,陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内,也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系,相互对抗,选票变成了谋利益的工具。

  从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举,“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈,长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力,其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。

  两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病,美国所谓的“民主”形象,让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举,变成了政客们利益置换的游戏,进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能,不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。

  House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy

  (ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".

  The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.

  Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.

  On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.

  On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.

  Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.

  As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.

  But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.

  CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.

  This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.

  Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.

  From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.

  Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.

  The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.

长篇小说《烟霞里》以个人经历织就时代中国与文化故乡的编年史******

长篇小说《烟霞里》以个人经历织就时代中国与文化故乡的编年史

  《烟霞里》书封 人民文学出版社供图

  中新网北京1月9日电 (记者应妮)作家魏微全新长篇小说《烟霞里》日前由人民文学出版社推出。这不仅是作家沉潜十几年推出的力作,也是她的转型之作。

  魏微成名较早,她的《化妆》《大老郑的女人》《一个人的微湖闸》《拐弯的夏天》《胡文青传》等都是当代文学的重要作品。2004年魏微获得鲁迅文学奖时刚34岁。2011年,她又获得华语传媒大奖年度小说家奖项。

  著名评论家李敬泽曾说过:“魏微曾经是凭茸毛般的敏感去迫近人性,但现在,她知道,想象人性和辨识个人还要经过浩瀚的人群,需要机变百出、纵横捭阖的理解力。谁知道呢,也许她会由此变成一个更强大、更持久的作家……”评论家孟繁华称:“魏微是能够给人期待的作家。她小说里的日常生活,艰难但温暖,低微但有尊严。”

  继2012年发表了《胡文青传》之后,魏微几乎再无新的作品面市。直到2022年12月,她的新作《烟霞里》在人民文学出版社出版,用作品回应了读者的期待。

  在创作《烟霞里》时,魏微大胆采用了极富挑战性的编年体结构方式。她借由女主人公田庄的出生到离开,逐年检视和铺写了田庄在1970年到2011年间的生命段落:学龄前的烂漫童年,小学中学时的叛逆懵懂,大学青涩的恋爱和对大城市的憧憬想象,工作结婚后平直疲乏的日子,步入中年的空虚与挣扎。

  出生于1970年的田庄,有着乡镇、县城和一线城市等三种生活体验,她的经历完美涵盖了当下大多数人的成长轨迹。上县城、离开乡土;盖房子,成为城里人;高考冲刺,南下广州;买房炒股,赚外快;旧城改造,招商引资;互联网经济、智能手机时代;家庭主妇、女性意识等等。沿着田庄的成长地图,无论是“70后”“80后”还是“90后”,都能在其中找到共鸣的一个角落。《烟霞里》实现了对三代人成长的编年,小说中藏有每个人的记忆元年。

  事实上,编年体的写法难度很大,人民文学出版社社长臧永清谈到了《烟霞里》作者自设的创作难度:“选取最具代表性的事件需要翻阅大量的历史资料,人物命运与时代变迁融合不好就会变成社会调查报告,魏微在创作中成功克服了这些难题。”北京大学中文系副教授丛治辰分享了编年体的阅读体验:“读者会不自觉地将个人在某一年的经历,拿来跟小说人物这一年的经历对照起来,这是一个探索和唤醒记忆的发现过程,非常有趣。《烟霞里》是一个非常丰富的小说。”

  该书用社会变迁与个人生活起伏所交织的力,以1970年为起点,平行推起每一年的生活流变,直到2011年女主离开。所不同的是,《烟霞里》的这段记忆刚刚过去,还留有新鲜的味道。这就使得《烟霞里》获得了十足的当代性,极易与读者产生强烈的共鸣。

  面对历史记忆,并将它在小说中准确再现,这对善于处理内心情感的女作家来说,是一个很大的挑战,魏微用《烟霞里》跨越了这个挑战。茅盾文学奖获奖作家李洱敏锐指出魏微创作上的变化:“《烟霞里》对时代脉搏的把握,对个人命运和大时代之间那种细小、直接的关系的建立,下手非常准确、利落、坚实。”

  魏微曾在《烟霞里》的开篇点明创作旨意,写一个人的出生入死,女主田庄的一生平淡琐碎,但哪一个的一生不起波澜?中国作协创研部主任何向阳说,“《烟霞里》写的是日常的、平常可见的生活,但也仍然有出生入死。”田庄就出生入死在非英雄式的无事的消磨中,作家魏微用尽耐心给读者呈现了她这种难以诉说的生命体验。(完)

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